See torfian in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to throw forth",
"word": "atorfian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to stone to death",
"word": "oftorfian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to fling in different directions",
"word": "tōtorfian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to stone",
"word": "ġetorfian"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "torvien",
"3": "torven"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: torvien, torven",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: torvien, torven"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "topsy-turvy",
"3": "torve"
},
"expansion": "English: topsy-turvy, torve",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: topsy-turvy, torve (totorve)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*turbōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *turbōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to tie together, weave"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to tie together, weave”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "tearflian",
"3": "",
"4": "to turn, roll, wallow"
},
"expansion": "Old English tearflian (“to turn, roll, wallow”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "zirbeln",
"3": "",
"4": "to swirl, whirl, roll"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German zirbeln (“to swirl, whirl, roll”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *turbōną, *turbijaną (“to turn, twist”), from Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to tie together, weave”). Related to Old English tearflian (“to turn, roll, wallow”), Alemannic German zirbeln (“to swirl, whirl, roll”), Icelandic tyrfa (“to cover with turf”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "2",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "torfian",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "torfienne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiġe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfode",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfast",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfodest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "torfode",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "torfodon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiġe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfode",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiġen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "torfoden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "torfa",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "torfod",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ġetorfod",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "torfian",
"name": "ang-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "torfian<w2>"
},
"name": "ang-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "turf"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to throw, shoot missiles at, launch"
],
"id": "en-torfian-ang-verb-Wa83gBSI",
"links": [
[
"throw",
"throw"
],
[
"launch",
"launch"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to stone"
],
"id": "en-torfian-ang-verb-6awfLXbS",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 6 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 7 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 5 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be tossed"
],
"id": "en-torfian-ang-verb-Yc~buq37"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtor.fi.ɑn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈtorˠ.vi.ɑn]"
}
],
"word": "torfian"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English class 2 weak verbs",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to throw forth",
"word": "atorfian"
},
{
"english": "to stone to death",
"word": "oftorfian"
},
{
"english": "to fling in different directions",
"word": "tōtorfian"
},
{
"english": "to stone",
"word": "ġetorfian"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "torvien",
"3": "torven"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: torvien, torven",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: torvien, torven"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "topsy-turvy",
"3": "torve"
},
"expansion": "English: topsy-turvy, torve",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: topsy-turvy, torve (totorve)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*turbōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *turbōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to tie together, weave"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to tie together, weave”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "tearflian",
"3": "",
"4": "to turn, roll, wallow"
},
"expansion": "Old English tearflian (“to turn, roll, wallow”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "zirbeln",
"3": "",
"4": "to swirl, whirl, roll"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German zirbeln (“to swirl, whirl, roll”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *turbōną, *turbijaną (“to turn, twist”), from Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to tie together, weave”). Related to Old English tearflian (“to turn, roll, wallow”), Alemannic German zirbeln (“to swirl, whirl, roll”), Icelandic tyrfa (“to cover with turf”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "2",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "torfian",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "torfienne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiġe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfode",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfast",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfodest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "torfode",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "torfodon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiġe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfode",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiġen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "torfoden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "torfa",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "torfiende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "torfod",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ġetorfod",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "torfian",
"name": "ang-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "torfian<w2>"
},
"name": "ang-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "turf"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to throw, shoot missiles at, launch"
],
"links": [
[
"throw",
"throw"
],
[
"launch",
"launch"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to stone"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be tossed"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtor.fi.ɑn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈtorˠ.vi.ɑn]"
}
],
"word": "torfian"
}
Download raw JSONL data for torfian meaning in Old English (4.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.